The study of problems of perception is one of the most difficult areas of psychology, as well as related sciences. For the mass of applied disciplines, it is important to know what is the mechanism of the sensory organs and their connection with consciousness.
Instructions
Step 1
The classical definition of perception says that this is a process of reflection of integral scenes, events of reality, which occurs when directly influencing the receptor organs. Perception begins at the moment when the objects of the world affect the human sense organs, but is not exhausted by it - this is its difference from sensation. There are other definitions that highlight other semantic shades of this concept. So, some researchers believe that perception is the process of extracting information about the external environment to build one's own way of behavior - in this case, the emphasis is placed on the influence of the perceived on a person's actions.
Step 2
Perception is always superimposed on ready-made patterns of behavior. So, seeing a spherical green fruit, a person will most likely call it an apple, since he has already encountered such a bunch of properties and meaning. The so-called passive perception (perception) and active (apperception) are distinguished. For the first time, this terminology was introduced by Leibniz, trying to emphasize that in the second case we are talking about a reflexive position: a person not only perceives some data from the outside, but also realizes himself as a perceiver, reflects on this. Later, Kant said that apperception is that property of consciousness, thanks to which the unity of the personality, the integrity of the "I" is achieved.
Step 3
Psychological interpretations of the concept of "apperception" began with Herbart, who wrote about it as an act of assimilation of all newly arriving ideas with already existing individual experience. Further, the theory of perception was developed by Wundt: apperception is perception with "included" attention. The Nobel laureate Kahneman, who studied the intensity of perception depending on the significance of the signal, thought in a similar vein.
Step 4
Perceptual problems are not a narrowly psychological scientific section, but a broad interdisciplinary field. Philosophers, physiologists, and representatives of the exact sciences are also involved in the study of these problems. The applied value of the research results is of interest to public relations specialists, advertisers, designers - professionals who create informational messages to attract the attention of the consumer. The importance of perception problems is also high in cybernetics, which deals with the construction of robots. In order for carriers of artificial intelligence to be able to perceive signals from the outside world in the same way as a person, it is necessary to understand the mechanism for processing data coming from outside.
